PostgreSQL 语法-PostgreSQL入门教程

当前位置:　首页>> 技术小册>> PostgreSQL入门教程

默认情况下 PostgreSQL 安装完成后，自带了一个命令行工具 SQL Shell(psql)。

Linux 系统可以直接切换到 postgres 用户来开启命令行工具：
```
#  sudo -i -u postgres
```

进入命令行工具，我们可以使用 \help 来查看各个命令的语法 ：
```
postgres-# \help <command_name>
```
例如，我们查看下 select 语句的语法：
```
postgres=# \help SELECT
Command:     SELECT
Description: retrieve rows from a table or view
Syntax:
[ WITH [ RECURSIVE ] with_query [, ...] ]
SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] ) ] ]
    [ * | expression [ [ AS ] output_name ] [, ...] ]
    [ FROM from_item [, ...] ]
    [ WHERE condition ]
    [ GROUP BY grouping_element [, ...] ]
    [ HAVING condition [, ...] ]
    [ WINDOW window_name AS ( window_definition ) [, ...] ]
    [ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } [ ALL | DISTINCT ] select ]
    [ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [ NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ] [, ...] ]
    [ LIMIT { count | ALL } ]
    [ OFFSET start [ ROW | ROWS ] ]
    [ FETCH { FIRST | NEXT } [ count ] { ROW | ROWS } ONLY ]
    [ FOR { UPDATE | NO KEY UPDATE | SHARE | KEY SHARE } [ OF table_name [, ...] ] [ NOWAIT | SKIP LOCKED ] [...] ]

from_item 可以是以下选项之一：

[ ONLY ] table_name [ * ] [ [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] ) ] ]
```
SQL 语句
一个 SQL 语句通常包含了关键字、标识符（字段）、常量、特殊符号等，下面是一个简单的 SQL 语句：
```
SELECT id, name FROM maxiaoke
```

```
SELECT	id, name	FROM	maxiaoke
符号类型	关键字	标识符（字段）	关键字	标识符
描述	命令	id 和 name 字段	语句，用于设置条件规则等	表名

```

###PostgreSQL 命令

ABORT
ABORT 用于退出当前事务。
```
ABORT [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]
ALTER AGGREGATE
```
修改一个聚集函数的定义 。
```
ALTER AGGREGATE _name_ ( _argtype_ [ , ... ] ) RENAME TO _new_name_
ALTER AGGREGATE _name_ ( _argtype_ [ , ... ] ) OWNER TO _new_owner_
ALTER AGGREGATE _name_ ( _argtype_ [ , ... ] ) SET SCHEMA _new_schema_
```
ALTER COLLATION
修改一个排序规则定义 。
```
ALTER COLLATION _name_ RENAME TO _new_name_
ALTER COLLATION _name_ OWNER TO _new_owner_
ALTER COLLATION _name_ SET SCHEMA _new_schema_
```
ALTER CONVERSION
修改一个编码转换的定义。
```
ALTER CONVERSION name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER CONVERSION name OWNER TO new_owner
```
ALTER DATABASE
修改一个数据库。
```
ALTER DATABASE name SET parameter { TO | = } { value | DEFAULT }
ALTER DATABASE name RESET parameter
ALTER DATABASE name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER DATABASE name OWNER TO new_owner
```
ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES
定义默认的访问权限。
```
ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES
    [ FOR { ROLE | USER } target_role [, ...] ]
    [ IN SCHEMA schema_name [, ...] ]
    abbreviated_grant_or_revoke

where abbreviated_grant_or_revoke is one of:

GRANT { { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | TRUNCATE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER }
    [, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
    ON TABLES
    TO { [ GROUP ] role_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
...
```
ALTER DOMAIN
修改一个域的定义。
```
ALTER DOMAIN name { SET DEFAULT expression | DROP DEFAULT }
ALTER DOMAIN name { SET | DROP } NOT NULL
ALTER DOMAIN name ADD domain_constraint
ALTER DOMAIN name DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
ALTER DOMAIN name OWNER TO new_owner
```
ALTER FUNCTION
修改一个函数的定义。

ALTER FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ] ) RENAME TO new_name
ALTER FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ] ) OWNER TO new_owner
```
ALTER GROUP
修改一个用户组。

ALTER GROUP groupname ADD USER username [, ... ]
ALTER GROUP groupname DROP USER username [, ... ]
ALTER GROUP groupname RENAME TO new_name
```
ALTER INDEX
修改一个索引的定义。
```
ALTER INDEX name OWNER TO new_owner
ALTER INDEX name SET TABLESPACE indexspace_name
ALTER INDEX name RENAME TO new_name
```
ALTER LANGUAGE
修改一个过程语言的定义。

ALTER LANGUAGE name RENAME TO new_name
```
ALTER OPERATOR
改变一个操作符的定义。
```
ALTER OPERATOR name ( { lefttype | NONE }, { righttype | NONE } )
OWNER TO new_owner
```
ALTER OPERATOR CLASS
修改一个操作符表的定义。
```
ALTER OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method RENAME TO new_name
ALTER OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method OWNER TO new_owner
```
ALTER SCHEMA
修改一个模式的定义。
```
ALTER SCHEMA name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER SCHEMA name OWNER TO new_owner
```
ALTER SEQUENCE
修改一个序列生成器的定义。
```
ALTER SEQUENCE name [ INCREMENT [ BY ] increment ]
[ MINVALUE minvalue | NO MINVALUE ]
[ MAXVALUE maxvalue | NO MAXVALUE ]
[ RESTART [ WITH ] start ] [ CACHE cache ] [ [ NO ] CYCLE ]
```
ALTER TABLE
修改表的定义。

ALTER TABLE [ ONLY ] name [ * ]
action [, ... ]
ALTER TABLE [ ONLY ] name [ * ]
RENAME [ COLUMN ] column TO new_column
ALTER TABLE name
RENAME TO new_name
```
其中 action 可以是以选项之一：
```
ADD [ COLUMN ] column_type [ column_constraint [ ... ] ]
DROP [ COLUMN ] column [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column TYPE type [ USING expression ]
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET DEFAULT expression
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column DROP DEFAULT
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column { SET | DROP } NOT NULL
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET STATISTICS integer
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET STORAGE { PLAIN | EXTERNAL | EXTENDED | MAIN }
ADD table_constraint
DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
CLUSTER ON index_name
SET WITHOUT CLUSTER
SET WITHOUT OIDS
OWNER TO new_owner
SET TABLESPACE tablespace_name
```
ALTER TABLESPACE
修改一个表空间的定义。
```
ALTER TABLESPACE name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER TABLESPACE name OWNER TO new_owner
```
ALTER TRIGGER
修改改变一个触发器的定义 。

ALTER TRIGGER name ON table RENAME TO new_name
```
ALTER TYPE
修改一个类型的定义 。

ALTER TYPE name OWNER TO new_owner
```
ALTER USER
修改数据库用户帐号 。
```
ALTER USER name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ]
ALTER USER name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER USER name SET parameter { TO | = } { value | DEFAULT }
ALTER USER name RESET parameter
Where option can be −

ISOLATION LEVEL { 
   SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED
   | READ UNCOMMITTED
}
READ WRITE | READ ONLY
```
CHECKPOINT
强制一个事务日志检查点 。
```
CHECKPOINT
```
CLOSE
关闭游标。
```
CLOSE name
```
CLUSTER
根据一个索引对某个表盘簇化排序。
```
CLUSTER index_name ON table_name
CLUSTER table_name
CLUSTER
```
COMMENT
定义或者改变一个对象的注释。
```
COMMENT ON {
   TABLE object_name |
   COLUMN table_name.column_name |
   AGGREGATE agg_name (agg_type) |
   CAST (source_type AS target_type) |
   CONSTRAINT constraint_name ON table_name |
   CONVERSION object_name |
   DATABASE object_name |
   DOMAIN object_name |
   FUNCTION func_name (arg1_type, arg2_type, ...) |
   INDEX object_name |
   LARGE OBJECT large_object_oid |
   OPERATOR op (left_operand_type, right_operand_type) |
   OPERATOR CLASS object_name USING index_method |
   [ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE object_name |
   RULE rule_name ON table_name |
   SCHEMA object_name |
   SEQUENCE object_name |
   TRIGGER trigger_name ON table_name |
   TYPE object_name |
   VIEW object_name
} 
IS 'text'
```
COMMIT
提交当前事务。
```
COMMIT [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]
```
COPY
在表和文件之间拷贝数据。
```
COPY table_name [ ( column [, ...] ) ]
FROM { 'filename' | STDIN }
[ WITH ]
[ BINARY ]
[ OIDS ]
[ DELIMITER [ AS ] 'delimiter' ]
[ NULL [ AS ] 'null string' ]
[ CSV [ QUOTE [ AS ] 'quote' ]
[ ESCAPE [ AS ] 'escape' ]
[ FORCE NOT NULL column [, ...] ]
COPY table_name [ ( column [, ...] ) ]
TO { 'filename' | STDOUT }
[ [ WITH ]
[ BINARY ]
[ OIDS ]
[ DELIMITER [ AS ] 'delimiter' ]
[ NULL [ AS ] 'null string' ]
[ CSV [ QUOTE [ AS ] 'quote' ]
[ ESCAPE [ AS ] 'escape' ]
[ FORCE QUOTE column [, ...] ]
```
CREATE AGGREGATE
定义一个新的聚集函数。
```
CREATE AGGREGATE name (
   BASETYPE = input_data_type,
   SFUNC = sfunc,
   STYPE = state_data_type
   [, FINALFUNC = ffunc ]
   [, INITCOND = initial_condition ]
)
```
CREATE CAST
定义一个用户定义的转换。
```
CREATE CAST (source_type AS target_type)
WITH FUNCTION func_name (arg_types)
[ AS ASSIGNMENT | AS IMPLICIT ]
CREATE CAST (source_type AS target_type)
WITHOUT FUNCTION
[ AS ASSIGNMENT | AS IMPLICIT ]
```
CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER
定义一个新的约束触发器 。
```
CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER name
AFTER events ON
table_name constraint attributes
FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE func_name ( args )
```
CREATE CONVERSION
定义一个新的的编码转换。
```
CREATE [DEFAULT] CONVERSION name
FOR source_encoding TO dest_encoding FROM func_name
```
CREATE DATABASE
创建新数据库。
```
CREATE DATABASE name
[ [ WITH ] [ OWNER [=] db_owner ]
   [ TEMPLATE [=] template ]
   [ ENCODING [=] encoding ]
   [ TABLESPACE [=] tablespace ] 
]
```
CREATE DOMAIN
定义一个新域。
```
CREATE DOMAIN name [AS] data_type
[ DEFAULT expression ]
[ constraint [ ... ] ]
```
constraint 可以是以下选项之一：
```
[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
{ NOT NULL | NULL | CHECK (expression) }
```
CREATE FUNCTION
定义一个新函数。
```
CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] FUNCTION name ( [ [ arg_name ] arg_type [, ...] ] )
RETURNS ret_type
{ LANGUAGE lang_name
   | IMMUTABLE | STABLE | VOLATILE
   | CALLED ON NULL INPUT | RETURNS NULL ON NULL INPUT | STRICT
   | [ EXTERNAL ] SECURITY INVOKER | [ EXTERNAL ] SECURITY DEFINER
   | AS 'definition'
   | AS 'obj_file', 'link_symbol'
} ...
[ WITH ( attribute [, ...] ) ]
```
CREATE GROUP
定义一个新的用户组。
```
CREATE GROUP name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ]
Where option can be:
SYSID gid
| USER username [, ...]
```
CREATE INDEX
定义一个新索引。

CREATE [ UNIQUE ] INDEX name ON table [ USING method ]
( { column | ( expression ) } [ opclass ] [, ...] )
[ TABLESPACE tablespace ]
[ WHERE predicate ]
```
CREATE LANGUAGE
定义一种新的过程语言。

CREATE [ TRUSTED ] [ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE name
HANDLER call_handler [ VALIDATOR val_function ]
```
CREATE OPERATOR
定义一个新的操作符。
```
CREATE OPERATOR name (
   PROCEDURE = func_name
   [, LEFTARG = left_type ] [, RIGHTARG = right_type ]
   [, COMMUTATOR = com_op ] [, NEGATOR = neg_op ]
   [, RESTRICT = res_proc ] [, JOIN = join_proc ]
   [, HASHES ] [, MERGES ]
   [, SORT1 = left_sort_op ] [, SORT2 = right_sort_op ]
   [, LTCMP = less_than_op ] [, GTCMP = greater_than_op ]
)
```
CREATE OPERATOR CLASS
定义一个新的操作符表。
```
CREATE OPERATOR CLASS name [ DEFAULT ] FOR TYPE data_type
USING index_method AS
{ OPERATOR strategy_number operator_name [ ( op_type, op_type ) ] [ RECHECK ]
   | FUNCTION support_number func_name ( argument_type [, ...] )
   | STORAGE storage_type
} [, ... ]
```
CREATE ROLE
定义一个新的数据库角色。
```
CREATE ROLE _name_ [ [ WITH ] _option_ [ ... ] ]

where `_option_` can be:

SUPERUSER | NOSUPERUSER
    | CREATEDB | NOCREATEDB
    | CREATEROLE | NOCREATEROLE
...
```
CREATE RULE
定义一个新重写规则。
```
CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] RULE name AS ON event
TO table [ WHERE condition ]
DO [ ALSO | INSTEAD ] { NOTHING | command | ( command ; command ... ) }
```
CREATE SCHEMA
定义一个新模式。

CREATE SCHEMA schema_name
[ AUTHORIZATION username ] [ schema_element [ ... ] ]
CREATE SCHEMA AUTHORIZATION username
[ schema_element [ ... ] ]
```
CREATE SERVER
定义一个新的外部服务器。。

CREATE SERVER _server_name_ [ TYPE '_server_type_' ] [ VERSION '_server_version_' ]
    FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER _fdw_name_
    [ OPTIONS ( _option_ '_value_' [, ... ] ) ]
    
```
CREATE SEQUENCE
定义一个新序列发生器。
```
CREATE [ TEMPORARY | TEMP ] SEQUENCE name
[ INCREMENT [ BY ] increment ]
[ MINVALUE minvalue | NO MINVALUE ]
[ MAXVALUE maxvalue | NO MAXVALUE ]
[ START [ WITH ] start ] [ CACHE cache ] [ [ NO ] CYCLE ]
```
CREATE TABLE
定义一个新表。
```
CREATE [ [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ] { 
   TEMPORARY | TEMP } ] TABLE table_name ( { 
      column_name data_type [ DEFAULT default_expr ] [ column_constraint [ ... ] ]
      | table_constraint
      | LIKE parent_table [ { INCLUDING | EXCLUDING } DEFAULTS ] 
   } [, ... ]
)
[ INHERITS ( parent_table [, ... ] ) ]
[ WITH OIDS | WITHOUT OIDS ]
[ ON COMMIT { PRESERVE ROWS | DELETE ROWS | DROP } ]
[ TABLESPACE tablespace ]
column_constraint 可以是以下选项之一：

[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ] { 
   NOT NULL |
   NULL |
   UNIQUE [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |
   PRIMARY KEY [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |
   CHECK (expression) |
   REFERENCES ref_table [ ( ref_column ) ]
   [ MATCH FULL | MATCH PARTIAL | MATCH SIMPLE ]
   [ ON DELETE action ] [ ON UPDATE action ] 
}
[ DEFERRABLE | NOT DEFERRABLE ] [ INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE ]
table_constraint 可以是以下选项之一：

[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
{ UNIQUE ( column_name [, ... ] ) [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |
PRIMARY KEY ( column_name [, ... ] ) [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |
CHECK ( expression ) |
FOREIGN KEY ( column_name [, ... ] )
REFERENCES ref_table [ ( ref_column [, ... ] ) ]
[ MATCH FULL | MATCH PARTIAL | MATCH SIMPLE ]
[ ON DELETE action ] [ ON UPDATE action ] }
[ DEFERRABLE | NOT DEFERRABLE ] [ INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE ]
```
CREATE TABLE AS
从一条查询的结果中定义一个新表。
```
CREATE [ [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ] { TEMPORARY | TEMP } ] TABLE table_name
[ (column_name [, ...] ) ] [ [ WITH | WITHOUT ] OIDS ]
AS query
```
CREATE TABLESPACE
定义一个新的表空间。
```
CREATE TABLESPACE tablespace_name [ OWNER username ] LOCATION 'directory'
```
CREATE TRIGGER
定义一个新的触发器。

CREATE TRIGGER name { BEFORE | AFTER } { event [ OR ... ] }
ON table [ FOR [ EACH ] { ROW | STATEMENT } ]
EXECUTE PROCEDURE func_name ( arguments )
```
CREATE TYPE
定义一个新的数据类型。

CREATE TYPE name AS
( attribute_name data_type [, ... ] )
CREATE TYPE name (
INPUT = input_function,
OUTPUT = output_function
[, RECEIVE = receive_function ]
[, SEND = send_function ]
[, ANALYZE = analyze_function ]
[, INTERNALLENGTH = { internal_length | VARIABLE } ]
[, PASSEDBYVALUE ]
[, ALIGNMENT = alignment ]
[, STORAGE = storage ]
[, DEFAULT = default ]
[, ELEMENT = element ]
[, DELIMITER = delimiter ]
)
```
CREATE USER
创建一个新的数据库用户帐户。
```
CREATE USER name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ]
option 可以是以下选项之一：

SYSID uid
| [ ENCRYPTED | UNENCRYPTED ] PASSWORD 'password'
| CREATEDB | NOCREATEDB
| CREATEUSER | NOCREATEUSER
| IN GROUP group_name [, ...]
| VALID UNTIL 'abs_time'
```
CREATE VIEW
定义一个视图。
```
CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] VIEW name [ ( column_name [, ...] ) ] AS query
```
DEALLOCATE
删除一个准备好的查询。
```
DEALLOCATE [ PREPARE ] plan_name
```
DECLARE
定义一个游标。
```
DECLARE name [ BINARY ] [ INSENSITIVE ] [ [ NO ] SCROLL ]
CURSOR [ { WITH | WITHOUT } HOLD ] FOR query
[ FOR { READ ONLY | UPDATE [ OF column [, ...] ] } ]
```
DELETE
删除一个表中的行。
```
DELETE FROM [ ONLY ] table [ WHERE condition ]
```
DROP AGGREGATE
删除一个用户定义的聚集函数。
```
DROP AGGREGATE name ( type ) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
```
DROP CAST
删除一个用户定义的类型转换。
```
DROP CAST (source_type AS target_type) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
```
DROP CONVERSION
删除一个用户定义的编码转换。
```
DROP CONVERSION name [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
```
DROP DATABASE
删除一个数据库。
```
DROP DATABASE name
```
DROP DOMAIN
删除一个用户定义的域。
```
DROP DOMAIN name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
```
DROP FUNCTION
删除一个函数。
```
DROP FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ] ) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
```
DROP GROUP
删除一个用户组。
```
DROP GROUP name
```
DROP INDEX
删除一个索引。
```
DROP INDEX name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
```
DROP LANGUAGE
删除一个过程语言。
```
DROP [ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE name [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
```
DROP OPERATOR
删除一个操作符。
```
DROP OPERATOR name ( { left_type | NONE }, { right_type | NONE } )
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
```
DROP OPERATOR CLASS
删除一个操作符表。
```
DROP OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
```
DROP ROLE
删除一个数据库角色。
```
DROP ROLE [ IF EXISTS ] _name_ [, ...]
```
DROP RULE
删除一个重写规则。
```
DROP RULE name ON relation [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
```
DROP SCHEMA
删除一个模式。
```
DROP SCHEMA name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
```
DROP SEQUENCE
删除一个序列。
```
DROP SEQUENCE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
```
DROP TABLE
删除一个表。
```
DROP TABLE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
```
DROP TABLESPACE
删除一个表空间。
```
DROP TABLESPACE tablespace_name
```
DROP TRIGGER
删除一个触发器定义。
```
DROP TRIGGER name ON table [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
```
DROP TYPE
删除一个用户定义数据类型。
```
DROP TYPE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
```
DROP USER
删除一个数据库用户帐号。
```
DROP USER name
```
DROP VIEW
删除一个视图。
```
DROP VIEW name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
```
END
提交当前的事务。
```
END [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]
```
EXECUTE
执行一个准备好的查询。
```
EXECUTE plan_name [ (parameter [, ...] ) ]
```
EXPLAIN
显示一个语句的执行规划。
```
EXPLAIN [ ANALYZE ] [ VERBOSE ] statement
```
FETCH
用游标从查询中抓取行。
```
FETCH [ direction { FROM | IN } ] cursor_name
```
direction 可以是以下选项之一：
```
NEXT
PRIOR
FIRST
LAST
ABSOLUTE count
RELATIVE count
count
ALL
FORWARD
FORWARD count
FORWARD ALL
BACKWARD
BACKWARD count
BACKWARD ALL
```
GRANT
定义访问权限。
```
GRANT { { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | RULE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER }
[,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON [ TABLE ] table_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { { CREATE | TEMPORARY | TEMP } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON DATABASE db_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { CREATE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON TABLESPACE tablespace_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { EXECUTE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON FUNCTION func_name ([type, ...]) [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON LANGUAGE lang_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { { CREATE | USAGE } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON SCHEMA schema_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
```
INSERT
在表中创建新行，即插入数据。
```
INSERT INTO table [ ( column [, ...] ) ]
{ DEFAULT VALUES | VALUES ( { expression | DEFAULT } [, ...] ) | query }
```
LISTEN
监听一个通知。
```
LISTEN name
```
LOAD
加载或重载一个共享库文件。
```
LOAD 'filename'
```
LOCK
锁定一个表。
```
LOCK [ TABLE ] name [, ...] [ IN lock_mode MODE ] [ NOWAIT ]
```
lock_mode 可以是以下选项之一：
```
ACCESS SHARE | ROW SHARE | ROW EXCLUSIVE | SHARE UPDATE EXCLUSIVE
| SHARE | SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE | EXCLUSIVE | ACCESS EXCLUSIVE
```
MOVE
定位一个游标。
```
MOVE [ direction { FROM | IN } ] cursor_name
```
NOTIFY
生成一个通知。
```
NOTIFY name
```
PREPARE
创建一个准备好的查询。
```
PREPARE plan_name [ (data_type [, ...] ) ] AS statement
```
REINDEX
重建索引。
```
REINDEX { DATABASE | TABLE | INDEX } name [ FORCE ]
```
RELEASE SAVEPOINT
删除一个前面定义的保存点。
```
RELEASE [ SAVEPOINT ] savepoint_name
```
RESET
把一个运行时参数值恢复为默认值。
```
RESET name
RESET ALL
```
REVOKE
删除访问权限。
```
REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | RULE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER }
[,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON [ TABLE ] table_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ { CREATE | TEMPORARY | TEMP } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON DATABASE db_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ CREATE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON TABLESPACE tablespace_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ EXECUTE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON FUNCTION func_name ([type, ...]) [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON LANGUAGE lang_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ { CREATE | USAGE } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON SCHEMA schema_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
```
ROLLBACK
退出当前事务。
```
ROLLBACK [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]
```
ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT
回滚到一个保存点。
```
ROLLBACK [ WORK | TRANSACTION ] TO [ SAVEPOINT ] savepoint_name
```
SAVEPOINT
在当前事务里定义一个新的保存点。
```
SAVEPOINT savepoint_name
```
SELECT
从表或视图中取出若干行。
```
SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] ) ] ]
* | expression [ AS output_name ] [, ...]
[ FROM from_item [, ...] ]
[ WHERE condition ]
[ GROUP BY expression [, ...] ]
[ HAVING condition [, ...] ]
[ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } [ ALL ] select ]
[ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [, ...] ]
[ LIMIT { count | ALL } ]
[ OFFSET start ]
[ FOR UPDATE [ OF table_name [, ...] ] ]from_item 可以是以下选项：
[ ONLY ] table_name [ * ] [ [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] ) ] ]
( select ) [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] ) ]
function_name ( [ argument [, ...] ] )
[ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] | column_definition [, ...] ) ]
function_name ( [ argument [, ...] ] ) AS ( column_definition [, ...] )
from_item [ NATURAL ] join_type from_item
[ ON join_condition | USING ( join_column [, ...] ) ]
```
SELECT INTO
从一个查询的结果中定义一个新表。
```
SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] ) ] ]
* | expression [ AS output_name ] [, ...]
INTO [ TEMPORARY | TEMP ] [ TABLE ] new_table
[ FROM from_item [, ...] ]
[ WHERE condition ]
[ GROUP BY expression [, ...] ]
[ HAVING condition [, ...] ]
[ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } [ ALL ] select ]
[ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [, ...] ]
[ LIMIT { count | ALL } ]
[ OFFSET start ]
[ FOR UPDATE [ OF table_name [, ...] ] ]
```
SET
修改运行时参数。
```
SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] name { TO | = } { value | 'value' | DEFAULT }
SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] TIME ZONE { time_zone | LOCAL | DEFAULT }
```
SET CONSTRAINTS
设置当前事务的约束检查模式。
```
SET CONSTRAINTS { ALL | name [, ...] } { DEFERRED | IMMEDIATE }
```
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION
为当前会话设置会话用户标识符和当前用户标识符。
```
SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] SESSION AUTHORIZATION username
SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] SESSION AUTHORIZATION DEFAULT
RESET SESSION AUTHORIZATION
```
SET TRANSACTION
开始一个事务块。
```
SET TRANSACTION transaction_mode [, ...]
SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS TRANSACTION transaction_mode [, ...]
Where transaction_mode is one of −

ISOLATION LEVEL { SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED
| READ UNCOMMITTED }
READ WRITE | READ ONLY
```
SHOW
显示运行时参数的值。
```
SHOW name
SHOW ALL
```
START TRANSACTION
开始一个事务块。
```
START TRANSACTION [ transaction_mode [, ...] ]
transaction_mode 可以是下面的选项之一：

ISOLATION LEVEL { SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED
| READ UNCOMMITTED }
READ WRITE | READ ONLY
```
TRUNCATE
清空一个或一组表。
```
TRUNCATE [ TABLE ] name
```
UNLISTEN
停止监听通知信息。
```
UNLISTEN { name | * }
```
UPDATE
更新一个表中的行。
```
UPDATE [ ONLY ] table SET column = { expression | DEFAULT } [, ...]
[ FROM from_list ]
[ WHERE condition ]
```
VACUUM
垃圾收集以及可选地分析一个数据库。
```
VACUUM [ FULL ] [ FREEZE ] [ VERBOSE ] [ table ]
VACUUM [ FULL ] [ FREEZE ] [ VERBOSE ] ANALYZE [ table [ (column [, ...] ) ] ]
```
VALUES
计算一个或一组行。
```
VALUES ( _expression_ [, ...] ) [, ...]
    [ ORDER BY _sort_expression_ [ ASC | DESC | USING _operator_ ] [, ...] ]
    [ LIMIT { _count_ | ALL } ]
    [ OFFSET _start_ [ ROW | ROWS ] ]
    [ FETCH { FIRST | NEXT } [ _count_ ] { ROW | ROWS } ONLY ]
```

该分类下的相关小册推荐：

SQL基础教程(上)

SQL基础教程(中)

高性能的Postgres SQL

SQL基础教程(下)