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http权威指南之代理详解

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<h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-bottom: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.43; font-size: 1.5em; font-family: Raleway, 微軟正黑體, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5px; position: relative; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); text-wrap: wrap;">内容提要</h3><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 16px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;" class=" list-paddingleft-2"><li>本章主要介绍了http代理方面的概念，包括代理的配置、分类、作用等！</li></ul><h4 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-bottom: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.4; font-size: 1.25em; font-family: Raleway, 微軟正黑體, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5px; position: relative; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); text-wrap: wrap;"><a class="reference-link" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 202, 187); background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; transition: all 0.3s linear 0s; outline: none !important;"></a>web的中间实体</h4><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 16px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;" class=" list-paddingleft-2"><li>web上的代理服务器是代表客户端对事务请求处理的中间人！分为私有代理（只代理一个客户端）和公共代理（代理多个客户端）。</li><li>代理和网关的对比：代理的两端使用相同的协议，而网关的两端使用不同的协议，网关负责协议转换！</li></ul><h4 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-bottom: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.4; font-size: 1.25em; font-family: Raleway, 微軟正黑體, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5px; position: relative; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); text-wrap: wrap;"><a class="reference-link" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 202, 187); background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; transition: all 0.3s linear 0s; outline: none !important;"></a>为什么使用代理</h4><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 16px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;" class=" list-paddingleft-2"><li>主要使用代理作以下功能使用：</li></ul><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">1、儿童过滤器：如服务器响应的成人内容进行过滤<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">2、文档访问控制：验证客户端访问某个的文件需要的证书<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">3、安全防火墙：提供一个防火墙保护客户端或服务器<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">4、web缓存（缓存资源的副本）：对客户端响应资源的副本，节省带宽、减少网络拥堵<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">5、反向代理（原始服务的替代物，能访问其他服务器，作服务器加速器使用）：反向代理伪装成原始服务器，不过与服务器不同的是反向代理还可以向其他服务器发送请求，以便实现按需定位所请求的内容！<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">6、内容路由器：比如网络中实现为了一些付费用户提供更好、更快的网络速度，让请求发往缓存服务器，而没有付费的用户请求则发往更远或原始服务器！<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">7、转码器（比如改变图片格式，以便更轻巧利于传输）<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">8、匿名者：保护客户端隐私<h4 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-bottom: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.4; font-size: 1.25em; font-family: Raleway, 微軟正黑體, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5px; position: relative; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); text-wrap: wrap;"><a class="reference-link" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 202, 187); background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; transition: all 0.3s linear 0s; outline: none !important;"></a>代理去往何处</h4><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 16px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;" class=" list-paddingleft-2"><li>按部署代理的位置代理可以分为一下几种：</li></ul><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">1、出口代理：部署在本地网络端，用于保护本地网络或者限制公司带宽<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">2、访问（入口）代理：用于实现提供缓存响应<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">3、反向代理：部署在服务器端本地网络上，用于实现更精确的请求和提供性能<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">4、网络交换代理：部署在网络上，用于检测流浪等<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 16px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;" class=" list-paddingleft-2"><li>代理层次结构描述的代理的部署层级结构，比如一级代理，二级代理等，这是一种静态层级结构，有父代理和子代理的概念，离原始服务器进的的代理是离服务器远的代理的父代理！但是代理层级不应该静态的，而应该可以是动态的，以保证代理可以根据实际网络负载情况而下发报文到不同的代理！从而产生的动态层级代理概念有负载均衡、地理位置附近的路由等！</li><li>http请求报文是怎么进入代理的，描述的怎么把http请求报文流量导入代理！主要有一下几种方式：</li></ul><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">1、修改客户端：比如现在的客户端都支持收手动和自动配置代理！<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">2、修改网络：网络通过一些技术在客户端不知情的情况揽入流量进入代理！<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">3、修改dns命名空间：把主机名映射为代理的ip地址，比如修改系统的dns映射文件，让代理伪装成原始服务器，从而把web请求导入代理！<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">4、修改服务器：让服务器返回一个重定向有关的代码，把http请求报文导入到代理！<h4 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-bottom: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.4; font-size: 1.25em; font-family: Raleway, 微軟正黑體, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5px; position: relative; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); text-wrap: wrap;"><a class="reference-link" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 202, 187); background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; transition: all 0.3s linear 0s; outline: none !important;"></a>客户端代理设置</h4><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 16px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;" class=" list-paddingleft-2"><li>主要介绍客户端配置代理的几种常见方式，如下：</li></ul><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 16px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;" class=" list-paddingleft-2"><li> </li><ul style="list-style-type: square;" class=" list-paddingleft-2"><li>手工配置 : 显示地设置要使用的代理</li></ul><li> </li><ul style="list-style-type: square;" class=" list-paddingleft-2"><li>预先配置浏览器 : 浏览器厂商或发行商会在将浏览器发送给其客户之前预先对浏览器（或所有其他的Web客户端）的代理设置进行手工配置</li></ul><li> </li><ul style="list-style-type: square;" class=" list-paddingleft-2"><li>代理的自动配置（Proxy Auto-Configuration,PAC）：一个代理配置的js文件，客户端在请求之前会取回这个js文件，从而判断如何决定使用代理</li></ul><li> </li><ul style="list-style-type: square;" class=" list-paddingleft-2"><li>WPAD的代理发现 : 略</li></ul></ul><h4 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-bottom: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.4; font-size: 1.25em; font-family: Raleway, 微軟正黑體, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5px; position: relative; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); text-wrap: wrap;"><a class="reference-link" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 202, 187); background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; transition: all 0.3s linear 0s; outline: none !important;"></a>与代理有关的一些棘手问题</h4><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">1、发送给服务其的url可以是相对路径，而发送给代理的是包含方法、主机名等完整路径！<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">2、与虚拟主机目录同样存在的问题，可以通过在请求报文的host首部发送确定的主机信息！<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">3、拦截代理会受到部分url！<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">4、代理既可以处理代理请求，也可以处理服务器请求！<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">5、转发过程中对URI的修改<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">6、URI的客户端自动扩展和主机名解析<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">7、没有代理URI的解析<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">8、有显示代理的URI的解析<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">9、有拦截代理的URI的解析<h4 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-bottom: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.4; font-size: 1.25em; font-family: Raleway, 微軟正黑體, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5px; position: relative; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); text-wrap: wrap;"><a class="reference-link" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 202, 187); background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; transition: all 0.3s linear 0s; outline: none !important;"></a>追踪报文</h4><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 16px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;" class=" list-paddingleft-2"><li>现在代理请求逐步流行的情况下，需要一种机制来追踪我们的报文经过了那些节点。此时报文中via字段就是一个描述报文在代理中逐级传输的过程中所经过代理的方式！如下：</li></ul><pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">    GET /index.html HTTP/1.0    Accept: text/html    Host: www.joes-hardware.com    Via: 1.1 proxy-62.irenes-isp.net,1.0 cache.joes-hardware.com</pre><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">via字符告诉我们报文流经了两个代理。这个字符串说明第一个代理名为proxy-62.irenes-isp.net,它实现了HTTP/1.1协议，第二个代理被称为cache.joes-hardware.com,实现了HTTP/1.0。<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 16px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;" class=" list-paddingleft-2"><li>Server响应首部字段对原始服务器使用的软件进行了描述，如下有几个例子：</li></ul><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 16px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;" class=" list-paddingleft-2"><li> </li><ul style="list-style-type: square;" class=" list-paddingleft-2"><li>Server: Apache/1.3.14 (Unix) PHP/4.0.4</li></ul><li> </li><ul style="list-style-type: square;" class=" list-paddingleft-2"><li>Server: Netscape-Knterprise/4.1</li></ul><li> </li><ul style="list-style-type: square;" class=" list-paddingleft-2"><li>Server: Microsoft-IIS/5.0</li></ul></ul><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">注：如果响应报文是通过代理转发的，一定要确保代理没有修改Server首部。Server首部是用于原始服务器的。代理应该添加的是Via首部。<h4 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-bottom: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.4; font-size: 1.25em; font-family: Raleway, 微軟正黑體, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5px; position: relative; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); text-wrap: wrap;"><a class="reference-link" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 202, 187); background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; transition: all 0.3s linear 0s; outline: none !important;"></a>代理认证</h4><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">略<h4 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-bottom: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.4; font-size: 1.25em; font-family: Raleway, 微軟正黑體, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5px; position: relative; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); text-wrap: wrap;"><a class="reference-link" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 202, 187); background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; transition: all 0.3s linear 0s; outline: none !important;"></a>代理的互操作性</h4><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 0px !important;">略

详解设计模式之代理模式-php解释

后端
21967 阅读

<pre class="brush:as3;toolbar:false"><?php class SchoolGirl {     private $name;     function __construct($name)     {         $this->name = $name;     }     public function getName()     {         return $this->name;     } } // 代理接口 interface GiveGift {     public function GiveDolls();     public function GiveFlowers();     public function GiveChocolate(); } // 代理实现送礼物接口 class Proxy implements GiveGift {     protected $pursuit;     function __construct(SchoolGirl $girl)     {         $this->pursuit = new Pursuit($girl);     }     public function GiveDolls()     {         $this->pursuit->GiveDolls();     }     public function GiveFlowers()     {         $this->pursuit->GiveFlowers();     }     public function GiveChocolate()     {         $this->pursuit->GiveChocolate();     } } // 追求者类实现送礼物接口 class Pursuit implements GiveGift {     protected $girl;     function __construct(SchoolGirl $girl)     {         $this->girl = $girl;     }     public function GiveDolls()     {         echo $this->girl->getName()." 送你娃娃\n";     }     public function GiveFlowers()     {         echo $this->girl->getName()." 送你花\n";     }     public function GiveChocolate()     {         echo $this->girl->getName()." 送你巧克力\n";     } } // 客户端代码 $girl = new SchoolGirl('李梅'); $proxy = new Proxy($girl); $proxy->GiveDolls(); $proxy->GiveChocolate(); $proxy->GiveFlowers();</pre>

详解设计模式之装饰器模式-php解释

后端
10741 阅读

<pre class="brush:as3;toolbar:false"><?php abstract class Component {     abstract public function Operation(); } /** * ConcreteComponent */ class ConcreteComponent extends Component {     public function Operation()     {         echo "具体对象的操作.\n";     } } abstract class Decorator extends Component {     protected $component;     // 设置component     public function SetComponent($component)     {         $this->component = $component;     }     // 重写Operation(),实际执行的是component的Operation方法     public function Operation()     {         if ($this->component != null)         {             $this->component->Operation();         }     } } /** * ConcreteDecoratorA */ class ConcreteDecoratorA extends Decorator {     // 本类的独有功能，以区别于ConcreteDecoratorB     private $addedState;     public function Operation()     {           // 首先运行原Component的Operation(),再执行本类的功能，         // 如addedState,相当于对原Component进行了装饰         parent::Operation();         $this->addedState = "ConcreteDecoratorA Status";         echo $this->addedState."\n";         echo "具体装饰对象A的操作.\n";     } } /** * ConcreteDecoratorB */ class ConcreteDecoratorB extends Decorator {     public function Operation()     {           // 首先运行原Component的Operation(),再执行本类的功能，         // 如addedBehavior,相当于对原Component进行了装饰         parent::Operation();         $this->addedBehavior();         echo "具体装饰对象B的操作.\n";     }     // 本类的独有功能，以区别于ConcreteDecoratorA     private function addedBehavior()     {         echo "ConcreteDecoratorB Status.\n";     } } // 客户端代码 // 装饰的方法是：首先用ConcreteComponent实例化对象c, // 然后用ConcreteDecoratorA的实例对象$di来包装$c, // 然后再用ConcreteDecoratorB的实例$d2包装$d1, // 最终执行$d2的Operation();  $c = new ConcreteComponent(); $d1 = new ConcreteDecoratorA(); $d2 = new ConcreteDecoratorB(); $d1->SetComponent($c); $d2->SetComponent($d1); $d2->Operation(); 当只有一个ConcreteComponent类而没有抽象的Component类 ，那么Decorator类可以是ConcreteComponent的一个子类。同样的道理，如果只有一个ConcreteDecorator类 ，那么就没有必要建立一个单独的Decorator类，而可以把Decorator类和ConcreteComponent类的责任合并成一个类。书中用打扮的代码阐释了这样情况下的写法： <?php // 人 class Person {       private $name;     function __construct($name)     {         $this->name = $name;     }     public function show()     {         echo "打扮".$this->name."\n";     } } // 服饰类 class Finery {     protected $person;     public function decorate($person)     {         $this->person = $person;     }     public function show()     {         if ($this->person != null)         {             $this->person->show();         }     } } // 具体服饰类 class TShirts extends Finery {     public function show()     {         echo "大T恤\n";         parent::show();     } } class BigTrouser extends Finery {     public function show()     {         echo "跨裤\n";         parent::show();     } } class Sneakers extends Finery {     public function show()     {         echo "破球鞋\n";         parent::show();     } } class Suit extends Finery {     public function show()     {         echo "西装\n";         parent::show();     } } class Tie extends Finery {     public function show()     {         echo "领带\n";         parent::show();     } } class LeatherShoes extends Finery {     public function show()     {         echo "跨裤\n";         parent::show();     } } // 客户端代码 $person = new Person("alex"); $sneakers = new Sneakers(); $bigTrouser = new BigTrouser(); $tShirts = new TShirts(); $sneakers->decorate($person); $bigTrouser->decorate($sneakers); $tShirts->decorate($bigTrouser); $tShirts->show();</pre> 总结 装饰模式，动态地给一个对象添加一些额外的职责，就增加功能来说，装饰模式比生成子类更为灵活。 装饰模式是为已有功能动态的添加更多功能的一种方式。 当系统需要新功能的时候，是向旧的类中添加新的代码。这些新的代码通常装饰了原有类的核心职责或主要行为。 在主类中加入新的字段，新的方法和新的逻辑，从而增加了主类的复杂度，而这些新加入的东西仅仅是为满足一些只在某种特定情况下才会执行的特殊行为的需要。装饰模式却提供了一个非常好的解决方案，它把每个要装饰的功能放在单独的类中，并让这个类包装它要装饰的对象，对此，当需要执行特殊行为时，客户代码就可以在运行时根据需要选择地，按顺序地使用装饰功能包装对象了。 装饰模式的优点就是把类中的装饰功能从类中搬移去除，这样可以简化原有的类。 有效地把类的核心职责和装饰功能区分开了，而且可以去除相关类中的重复的装饰逻辑。

javascript高级编程之详细讲解javascript中的对象

前端
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<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;"><img src="https://www.maxiaoke.com/uploads/images/20231218/7ce467f4788d55dd3b26ccc2dd95ec25.jpg" alt=""/><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">第 4 章介绍了 JavaScript 的对象（object）。在编程文化中，我们有一个名为面向对象编程（OOP）的东西，这是一组技术，使用对象（和相关概念）作为程序组织的中心原则。<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">虽然没有人真正同意其精确定义，但面向对象编程已经成为了许多编程语言的设计，包括 JavaScript 在内。本章将描述这些想法在 JavaScript 中的应用方式。<h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-bottom: 1em; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.225; font-size: 1.75em; font-family: Raleway, 微軟正黑體, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5px; position: relative; padding-bottom: 0.5em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); color: rgb(77, 82, 89); text-wrap: wrap;"><a class="reference-link" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 202, 187); background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; transition: all 0.3s linear 0s; outline: none !important;"></a>封装</h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">面向对象编程的核心思想是将程序分成小型片段，并让每个片段负责管理自己的状态。<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">通过这种方式，一些程序片段的工作方式的知识可以局部保留。从事其他方面的工作的人，不必记住甚至不知道这些知识。无论什么时候这些局部细节发生变化，只需要直接更新其周围的代码。<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">这种程序的不同片段通过接口（interface），函数或绑定的有限集合交互，它以更抽象的级别提供有用的功能，并隐藏它的精确实现。<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">这些程序片段使用对象建模。它们的接口由一组特定的方法（method）和属性（property）组成。接口的一部分的属性称为公共的（public）。其他外部代码不应该接触属性的称为私有的（private）。<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">许多语言提供了区分公共和私有属性的方法，并且完全防止外部代码访问私有属性。 JavaScript 再次采用极简主义的方式，没有。至少目前还没有 - 有个正在开展的工作，将其添加到该语言中。<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">即使这种语言没有内置这种区别，JavaScript 程序员也成功地使用了这种想法。通常，可用的接口在文档或数字一中描述。在属性名称的的开头经常会放置一个下划线（<code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 5px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">_</code>）字符，来表明这些属性是私有的。<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">将接口与实现分离是一个好主意。它通常被称为封装（encapsulation）。<h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-bottom: 1em; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.225; font-size: 1.75em; font-family: Raleway, 微軟正黑體, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5px; position: relative; padding-bottom: 0.5em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); color: rgb(77, 82, 89); text-wrap: wrap;"><a class="reference-link" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 202, 187); background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; transition: all 0.3s linear 0s; outline: none !important;"></a>方法</h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">方法不过是持有函数值的属性。这是一个简单的方法：<pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">let rabbit = {};rabbit.speak = function(line) {  console.log(`The rabbit says '${line}'`);};rabbit.speak("I'm alive.");// → The rabbit says 'I'm alive.'</pre><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">方法通常会在对象被调用时执行一些操作。将函数作为对象的方法调用时，会找到对象中对应的属性并直接调用。当函数作为方法调用时，函数体内叫做<code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 5px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">this</code>的绑定自动指向在它上面调用的对象。<pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">function speak(line) {  console.log(`The ${this.type} rabbit says '${line}'`);}let whiteRabbit = {type: "white", speak: speak};let fatRabbit = {type: "fat", speak: speak};whiteRabbit.speak("Oh my ears and whiskers, " +                  "how late it's getting!");// → The white rabbit says 'Oh my ears and whiskers, how//   late it's getting!'hungryRabbit.speak("I could use a carrot right now.");// → The hungry rabbit says 'I could use a carrot right now.'</pre><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">你可以把<code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 5px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">this</code>看作是以不同方式传递的额外参数。如果你想显式传递它，你可以使用函数的<code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 5px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">call</code>方法，它接受<code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 5px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">this</code>值作为第一个参数，并将其它处理为看做普通参数。<pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">speak.call(hungryRabbit, "Burp!");// → The hungry rabbit says 'Burp!'</pre><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">这段代码使用了关键字<code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 5px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">this</code>来输出正在说话的兔子的种类。我们回想一下<code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 5px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">apply</code>和<code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 5px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">bind</code>方法，这两个方法接受的第一个参数可以用来模拟对象中方法的调用。这两个方法会把第一个参数复制给<code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 5px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">this</code>。<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">由于每个函数都有自己的<code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 5px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">this</code>绑定，它的值依赖于它的调用方式，所以在用<code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 5px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">function</code>关键字定义的常规函数中，不能引用外层作用域的<code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 5px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">this</code>。<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">箭头函数是不同的 - 它们不绑定他们自己的<code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 5px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">this</code>，但可以看到他们周围（定义位置）作用域的<code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 5px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">this</code>绑定。因此，你可以像下面的代码那样，在局部函数中引用<code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 5px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">this</code>：<pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">function normalize() {  console.log(this.coords.map(n => n / this.length));}normalize.call({coords: [0, 2, 3], length: 5});// → [0, 0.4, 0.6]</pre><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">如果我使用<code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 5px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">function</code>关键字将参数写入<code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 5px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">map</code>，则代码将不起作用

kubernetes集群部署之kube-apiserver集群部署

后端
14661 阅读

<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">本文档讲解部署一个三实例 kube-apiserver 集群的步骤.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">注意：如果没有特殊指明，本文档的所有操作均在 zhangjun-k8s-01 节点上执行。<h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-bottom: 1em; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.225; font-size: 1.75em; font-family: Raleway, 微軟正黑體, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5px; position: relative; padding-bottom: 0.5em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); color: rgb(77, 82, 89); text-wrap: wrap;"><a class="reference-link" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 202, 187); background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; transition: all 0.3s linear 0s; outline: none !important;"></a>创建 kubernetes-master 证书和私钥</h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">创建证书签名请求：<pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">cd /opt/k8s/worksource /opt/k8s/bin/environment.shcat > kubernetes-csr.json <<EOF{  "CN": "kubernetes-master",  "hosts": [    "127.0.0.1",    "172.27.138.251",    "172.27.137.229",    "172.27.138.239",    "${CLUSTER_KUBERNETES_SVC_IP}",    "kubernetes",    "kubernetes.default",    "kubernetes.default.svc",    "kubernetes.default.svc.cluster",    "kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local.",    "kubernetes.default.svc.${CLUSTER_DNS_DOMAIN}."  ],  "key": {    "algo": "rsa",    "size": 2048  },  "names": [    {      "C": "CN",      "ST": "BeiJing",      "L": "BeiJing",      "O": "k8s",      "OU": "opsnull"    }  ]}EOF</pre><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 16px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;" class=" list-paddingleft-2"><li>hosts 字段指定授权使用该证书的 IP 和域名列表，这里列出了 master 节点 IP、kubernetes 服务的 IP 和域名；</li></ul><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">生成证书和私钥：<pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">cfssl gencert -ca=/opt/k8s/work/ca.pem \  -ca-key=/opt/k8s/work/ca-key.pem \  -config=/opt/k8s/work/ca-config.json \  -profile=kubernetes kubernetes-csr.json | cfssljson -bare kubernetesls kubernetes*pem</pre><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">将生成的证书和私钥文件拷贝到所有 master 节点：<pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">cd /opt/k8s/worksource /opt/k8s/bin/environment.shfor node_ip in ${NODE_IPS[@]}  do    echo ">>> ${node_ip}"    ssh root@${node_ip} "mkdir -p /etc/kubernetes/cert"    scp kubernetes*.pem root@${node_ip}:/etc/kubernetes/cert/  done</pre><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-bottom: 1em; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.225; font-size: 1.75em; font-family: Raleway, 微軟正黑體, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5px; position: relative; padding-bottom: 0.5em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); color: rgb(77, 82, 89); text-wrap: wrap;"><a class="reference-link" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 202, 187); background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; transition: all 0.3s linear 0s; outline: none !important;"></a>创建加密配置文件</h2><pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">cd /opt/k8s/worksource /opt/k8s/bin/environment.shcat > encryption-config.yaml <<EOFkind: EncryptionConfigapiVersion: v1resources:  - resources:      - secrets    providers:      - aescbc:          keys:            - name: key1              secret: ${ENCRYPTION_KEY}      - identity: {}EOF</pre><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">将加密配置文件拷贝到 master 节点的 <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 5px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">/etc/kubernetes</code> 目录下：<pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">cd /opt/k8s/worksource /opt/k8s/bin/environment.shfor node_ip in ${NODE_IPS[@]}  do    echo ">>> ${node_ip}"    scp encryption-config.yaml root@${node_ip}:/etc/kubernetes/  done</pre><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-bottom: 1em; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.225; font-size: 1.75em; font-family: Raleway, 微軟正黑體, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5px; position: relative; padding-bottom: 0.5em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); color: rgb(77, 82, 89); text-wrap: wrap;"><a class="reference-link" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 202, 187); background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; transition: all 0.3s linear 0s; outline: none !important;"></a>创建审计策略文件</h2><pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">cd /opt/k8s/worksource /opt/k8s/bin/environment.shcat > audit-policy.yaml <<EOFapiVersion: audit.k8s.io/v1beta1kind: Policyrules:  # The following requests were manually identified as high-volume and low-risk, so drop them.  - level: None    resources:      - group: ""        resources:          - endpoints          - services          - services/status    users:      - 'system:kube-proxy'    verbs:      - watch  - level: None    resources:      - group: ""        resources:          - nodes          - nodes/status    userGroups:      - 'system:nodes'    verbs:      - get  - level: None    namespaces:      - kube-system    resources:      - group: ""        resources:          - endpoints    users:      - 'system:kube-controller-manager'      - 'system:kube-scheduler'      - 'system:serviceaccount:kube-system:endpoint-controller'    verbs:      - get      - update  - level: None    resources:      - group: ""        resources:          - namespaces          - namespaces/status          - namespaces/finalize    users:      - 'system:apiserver'    verbs:      - get  # Don't log HPA fetching metrics.  - level: None    resources:      - group: metrics.k8s.io    users:      - 'system:kube-controller-manager'    verbs:      - get      - list  # Don't log these read-only URLs.  - level: None    nonResourceURLs:      - '/healthz*'      - /version      - '/swagger*'  # Don't log events requests.  - level: None    resources:      - group: ""        resources:          - events  # node and pod status calls from nodes are high-volume and can be large, don't log responses  # for expected updates from nodes  - level: Request    omitStages:      - RequestReceived    resources:      - group: ""        resources:          - nodes/status          - pods/status    users:      - kubelet      - 'system:node-problem-detector'      - 'system:serviceaccount:kube-system:node-problem-detector'    verbs:      - update      - patch  - level: Request    omitStages:      - RequestReceived    resources:      - group: ""        resources:          - nodes/status          - pods/status    userGroups:      - 'system:nodes'    verbs:      - update      - patch  # deletecollection calls can be large, don't log responses for expected namespace deletions  - level: Request    omitStages:      - RequestReceived    users:      - 'system:serviceaccount:kube-system:namespace-controller'    verbs:      - deletecollection  # Secrets, ConfigMaps, and TokenReviews can contain sensitive & binary data,  # so only log at the Metadata level.  - level: Metadata    omitStages:      - RequestReceived    resources:      - group: ""        resources:          - secrets          - configmaps      - group: authentication.k8s.io        resources:          - tokenreviews  # Get repsonses can be large; skip them.  - level: Request    omitStages:      - RequestReceived    resources:      - group: ""      - group: admissionregistration.k8s.io      - group: apiextensions.k8s.io      - group: apiregistration.k8s.io      - group: apps      - group: authentication.k8s.io      - group: authorization.k8s.io      - group: autoscaling      - group: batch      - group: certificates.k8s.io      - group: extensions      - group: metrics.k8s.io      - group: networking.k8s.io      - group: policy      - group: rbac.authorization.k8s.io      - group: scheduling.k8s.io      - group: settings.k8s.io      - group: storage.k8s.io    verbs:      - get      - list      - watch  # Default level for known APIs  - level: RequestResponse    omitStages:      - RequestReceived    resources:      - group: ""      - group: admissionregistration.k8s.io      - group: apiextensions.k8s.io      - group: apiregistration.k8s.io      - group: apps      - group: authentication.k8s.io      - group: authorization.k8s.io      - group: autoscaling      - group: batch      - group: certificates.k8s.io      - group: extensions      - group: metrics.k8s.io      - group: networking.k8s.io      - group: policy      - group: rbac.authorization.k8s.io      - group: scheduling.k8s.io      - group: settings.k8s.io      - group: storage.k8s.io  # Default level for all other requests.  - level: Metadata    omitStages:      - RequestReceivedEOF</pre><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">分发审计策略文件：<pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">cd /opt/k8s/worksource /opt/k8s/bin/environment.shfor node_ip in ${NODE_IPS[@]}  do    echo ">>> ${node_ip}"    scp audit-policy.yaml root@${node_ip}:/etc/kubernetes/audit-policy.yaml  don</pre>

kubernetes集群部署之部署master节点

后端
28039 阅读

<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">kubernetes master 节点运行如下组件：<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 16px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;" class=" list-paddingleft-2"><li>kube-apiserver</li><li>kube-scheduler</li><li>kube-controller-manager</li></ul><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">kube-apiserver、kube-scheduler 和 kube-controller-manager 均以多实例模式运行：<ol style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 16px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;" class=" list-paddingleft-2"><li>kube-scheduler 和 kube-controller-manager 会自动选举产生一个 leader 实例，其它实例处于阻塞模式，当 leader 挂了后，重新选举产生新的 leader，从而保证服务可用性；</li><li>kube-apiserver 是无状态的，可以通过 kube-nginx 进行代理访问（见<a href="https://www.maxiaoke.com/manual/kuber_sz/06-2.apiserver%E9%AB%98%E5%8F%AF%E7%94%A8.md" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 202, 187); text-decoration-line: none; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; transition: all 0.3s linear 0s; outline: none !important;">06-2.apiserver高可用</a>），从而保证服务可用性；</li></ol><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">注意：如果没有特殊指明，本文档的所有操作均在 zhangjun-k8s01 节点上执行。<h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-bottom: 1em; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.225; font-size: 1.75em; font-family: Raleway, 微軟正黑體, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5px; position: relative; padding-bottom: 0.5em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); color: rgb(77, 82, 89); text-wrap: wrap;"><a class="reference-link" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 202, 187); background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; transition: all 0.3s linear 0s; outline: none !important;"></a>下载最新版本二进制文件</h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">从 <a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 202, 187); text-decoration-line: none; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; transition: all 0.3s linear 0s; outline: none !important;">CHANGELOG 页面</a> 下载二进制 tar 文件并解压：<pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">cd /opt/k8s/workwget https://dl.k8s.io/v1.16.6/kubernetes-server-linux-amd64.tar.gz  # 自行解决翻墙问题tar -xzvf kubernetes-server-linux-amd64.tar.gzcd kubernetestar -xzvf  kubernetes-src.tar.gz</pre><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">将二进制文件拷贝到所有 master 节点：<pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 0px !important;">cd /opt/k8s/worksource /opt/k8s/bin/environment.shfor node_ip in ${NODE_IPS[@]}  do    echo ">>> ${node_ip}"    scp kubernetes/server/bin/{apiextensions-apiserver,kube-apiserver,kube-controller-manager,kube-proxy,kube-scheduler,kubeadm,kubectl,kubelet,mounter} root@${node_ip}:/opt/k8s/bin/    ssh root@${node_ip} "chmod +x /opt/k8s/bin/*"  done</pre>

go语言学习之go单元测试和性能测试

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<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">测试对于互联网应用软件开发来说非常重要，它对软件可靠性保证具有重要意义，通过测试能够尽可能发现并改正软件中的错误，提高软件质量。<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">这里我们主要讲解Go语言如何实现单元测试和性能测试。<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">go语言中自带有一个轻量级的测试框架testing和自带的go test命令来实现单元测试和性能测试，testing框架和其他语言中的测试框架类似，你可以基于这个框架写针对相应函数的测试用例，也可以基于该框架写相应的压力测试用例，那么接下来让我们一一来看一下怎么写。<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">单元测试<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">创建目录test，在目录下创建add.go、add_test.go两个文件，add_test.go为单元测试文件。<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">add_test.go<pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">package testimport "testing" func TestAdd(t * testing.T) {     sum: = Add(1, 2) if sum == 3     {         t.Log("the result is ok")     }     else     {         t.Fatal("the result is wrong")     } } func TestAdd1(t * testing.T) {     t.Error("the result is error") }</pre><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">add.go<pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">package testfunc Add(a, b int) int {   return a + b}</pre><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">然后在项目目录下运行<code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 5px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">go test -v</code>就可以看到测试结果了<pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">=== RUN   TestAdd--- PASS: TestAdd (0.00s)    add_test.go:8: the result is ok=== RUN   TestAdd1--- FAIL: TestAdd1 (0.00s)    add_test.go:14: the result is errorFAILexit status 1FAIL    _/D_/gopath/src/ados/test       0.419s</pre><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">如果看到PASS字样证明测试通过，FAIL字样表示测试失败。<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">使用testing库的测试框架需要遵循以下几个规则如下：<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 16px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;" class=" list-paddingleft-2"><li>文件名必须是<code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">_test.go</code>结尾的，这样在执行<code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">go test</code>的时候才会执行到相应的代码</li><li>你必须import <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">testing</code>这个包</li><li>所有的测试用例函数必须是<code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">Test</code>开头</li><li>测试用例会按照源代码中写的顺序依次执行</li><li>测试函数<code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">TestXxx()</code>的参数是<code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">testing.T</code>，我们可以使用该类型来记录错误或者是测试状态</li><li>测试格式：<code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">func TestXxx (t *testing.T)</code>,<code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">Xxx</code>部分可以为任意的字母数字的组合，但是首字母不能是小写字母[a-z]，例如<code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">Testintdiv</code>是错误的函数名。</li><li>函数中通过调用<code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">testing.T</code>的<code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">Error</code>, <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">Errorf</code>, <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">FailNow</code>, <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">Fatal</code>, <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">FatalIf</code>方法，说明测试不通过，调用<code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">Log</code>方法用来记录测试的信息。</li></ul><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">性能测试或压力测试<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">压力测试用来检测函数(方法）的性能，和编写单元功能测试的方法类似,此处不再赘述，但需要注意以下几点：<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 16px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;" class=" list-paddingleft-2"><li>压力测试用例必须遵循如下格式，其中XXX可以是任意字母数字的组合，但是首字母不能是小写字母<pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;"> </pre></li><ol class="linenums list-paddingleft-2" style="list-style-type: lower-roman;"><li><code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: inherit; overflow-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; background: none; border-radius: 3px; border: none; display: inline; max-width: initial; overflow: initial; line-height: inherit;">func BenchmarkXXX(b *testing.B) { ... }</code></li></ol><li><code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 5px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">go test</code>不会默认执行压力测试的函数，如果要执行压力测试需要带上参数<code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 5px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">-test.bench</code>，语法:<code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 5px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">-test.bench="test_name_regex"</code>,例如<code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 5px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">go test -test.bench=".*"</code>表示测试全部的压力测试函数</li><li>在压力测试用例中,请记得在循环体内使用<code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 5px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">testing.B.N</code>,以使测试可以正常的运行</li><li>文件名也必须以<code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 5px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">_test.go</code>结尾</li></ul><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">在test目录下创建 reflect_test.go<pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">package testimport("reflect"     "testing") type Student struct {     Name string Age int Class string Score int } func BenchmarkReflect_New(b * testing.B) {     var s * Student sv: = reflect.TypeOf(Student     {}) b.ResetTimer() for i: = 0;     i < b.N;     i++     {         sn: = reflect.New(sv) s,         _ = sn.Interface().( * Student)     }     _ = s } func BenchmarkDirect_New(b * testing.B) {     var s * Student b.ResetTimer() for i: = 0;     i < b.N;     i++     {         s = new(Student)     }     _ = s } func BenchmarkReflect_Set(b * testing.B) {     var s * Student sv: = reflect.TypeOf(Student     {}) b.ResetTimer() for i: = 0;     i < b.N;     i++     {         sn: = reflect.New(sv) s = sn.Interface().( * Student) s.Name = "Jerry"         s.Age = 18 s.Class = "20005"         s.Score = 100     } } func BenchmarkReflect_SetFieldByName(b * testing.B) {     sv: = reflect.TypeOf(Student     {}) b.ResetTimer() for i: = 0;i < b.N;i++     {         sn: = reflect.New(sv).Elem() sn.FieldByName("Name").SetString("Jerry") sn.FieldByName("Age").SetInt(18) sn.FieldByName("Class").SetString("20005") sn.FieldByName("Score").SetInt(100)     } } func BenchmarkReflect_SetFieldByIndex(b * testing.B) {     sv: = reflect.TypeOf(Student     {}) b.ResetTimer() for i: = 0;i < b.N;i++     {         sn: = reflect.New(sv).Elem() sn.Field(0).SetString("Jerry") sn.Field(1).SetInt(18) sn.Field(2).SetString("20005") sn.Field(3).SetInt(100)     } } func BenchmarkDirect_Set(b * testing.B) {     var s * Student b.ResetTimer() for i: = 0;     i < b.N;     i++     {         s = new(Student) s.Name = "Jerry"         s.Age = 18 s.Class = "20005"         s.Score = 100     } }</pre><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">在test目录下，执行：<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">go test reflect_test.go -test.bench=”.*”<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">结果如下<pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">goos: windowsgoarch: amd64BenchmarkReflect_New-4                  20000000                84.9 ns/opBenchmarkDirect_New-4                   30000000                50.6 ns/opBenchmarkReflect_Set-4                  20000000                89.9 ns/opBenchmarkReflect_SetFieldByName-4        3000000               552 ns/opBenchmarkReflect_SetFieldByIndex-4      10000000               132 ns/opBenchmarkDirect_Set-4                   30000000                53.0 ns/opPASSok      command-line-arguments  10.982s</pre><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">上面的结果显示我们没有执行任何<code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 5px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">TestXXX</code>的单元测试函数，显示的结果只执行了压力测试函数，以第三行为例<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">BenchmarkReflect_New 函数执行了20000000次，每次的执行平均时间是84.9纳秒。最后一行 command-line-arguments 10.982s，代表总的执行时间为 10.982s。<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">如果只想对某个函数测试，以BenchmarkReflect_New 为例，执行命令<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">go test reflect_test.go -test.bench=”BenchmarkReflect_New”<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">结果为：<pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">goos: windowsgoarch: amd64BenchmarkReflect_New-4          20000000                84.9 ns/opPASSok      command-line-arguments  2.490s</pre><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">如果测试整个目录下的所有测试执行:<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">go test -test.bench=”.*”<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">如果想显示内存分配的次数和大小添加 -benchmem<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">go test reflect_test.go -benchmem -test.bench=”.*”<pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">goos: windowsgoarch: amd64BenchmarkReflect_New-4                  20000000   88.3 ns/op  48 B/op     1 allocs/opBenchmarkDirect_New-4                   30000000   53.8 ns/op  48 B/op     1 allocs/opBenchmarkReflect_Set-4                  20000000   90.9 ns/op  48 B/op     1 allocs/opBenchmarkReflect_SetFieldByName-4        3000000   564 ns/op   80 B/op     5 allocs/opBenchmarkReflect_SetFieldByIndex-4      10000000   135 ns/op   48 B/op     1 allocs/opBenchmarkDirect_Set-4                   30000000   52.4 ns/op  48 B/op     1 allocs/opPASSok      command-line-arguments  12.955s</pre><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">后两列代表分配的内存大小和次数（48 B/op 1 allocs/op）<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">推荐<a href="https://github.com/cweill/gotests" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 202, 187); text-decoration-line: none; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; transition: all 0.3s linear 0s; outline: none !important;">gotests</a><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 0px !important;">它是编写Go测试的一个Golang命令行工具，可以根据目标源文件的函数和方法签名生成<a href="https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/TableDrivenTests" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 202, 187); text-decoration-line: none; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; transition: all 0.3s linear 0s; outline: none !important;">表驱动的测试</a>。将自动导入测试文件中的任何新依赖项。

go语言学习之go性能工具PProf详解

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Go语言自带了强大的性能测试工具pprof,位于 net/http 包下的 pprof。 <a href="https://golang.org/pkg/net/http/pprof/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 202, 187); text-decoration-line: none; background: transparent; transition: all 0.3s linear 0s; outline: none !important;">官方文档</a><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-bottom: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.43; font-size: 1.5em; font-family: Raleway, 微軟正黑體, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5px; position: relative;"><a class="reference-link" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 202, 187); background: transparent; transition: all 0.3s linear 0s; outline: none !important;"></a>PProf 关注的模块</h3><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 16px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em;" class=" list-paddingleft-2"><li>CPU profile：报告程序的 CPU 使用情况，按照一定频率去采集应用程序在 CPU 和寄存器上面的数据</li><li>Memory Profile（Heap Profile）：报告程序的内存使用情况</li><li>Block Profiling：报告 goroutines 不在运行状态的情况，可以用来分析和查找死锁等性能瓶颈</li><li>Goroutine Profiling：报告 goroutines 的使用情况，有哪些 goroutine，它们的调用关系是怎样的</li></ul><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-bottom: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.43; font-size: 1.5em; font-family: Raleway, 微軟正黑體, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5px; position: relative;"><a class="reference-link" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 202, 187); background: transparent; transition: all 0.3s linear 0s; outline: none !important;"></a>PProf 使用方式</h3>PProf 主要涉及两个包：”net/http/pprof”、”runtime/pprof”。net/http/pprof：只是使用runtime/pprof包来进行封装了一下，并在http端口上暴露出来。使用 net/http/pprof 可以做到直接看到当前 web 服务的状态，包括 CPU 占用情况和内存使用情况等。如果服务是一直运行的，如 web 应用，可以很方便的使用第一种方式 <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 5px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">import "net/http/pprof"</code>。runtime/pprof:可以用来产生 dump 文件，再使用 Go Tool PProf 来分析这运行日志。引入示例：<pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">#web服务器:import (    "net/http"    _ "net/http/pprof")#一般应用程序(实际应用无web交互)import (    "net/http"    _ "runtime/pprof")</pre>下面主要介绍web收集PProf信息方式使用示例：<pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">package mainimport (    "fmt"    "log"    "net/http"    _ "net/http/pprof"    "time")func sayHelloHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {    hellowold(10000)    fmt.Println("path", r.URL.Path)    fmt.Println("scheme", r.URL.Scheme)    fmt.Fprintf(w, "Hello world!\n") //这个写入到w的是输出到客户端的}func main() {    http.HandleFunc("/", sayHelloHandler) //    设置访问路由    log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil))}func hellowold(times int) {    time.Sleep(time.Second)    var counter int    for i := 0; i < times; i++ {        for j := 0; j < times; j++ {            counter++        }    }}</pre>访问：<a href="http://127.0.0.1:8080/debug/pprof/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 202, 187); text-decoration-line: none; background: transparent; transition: all 0.3s linear 0s; outline: none !important;">http://127.0.0.1:8080/debug/pprof/</a>输出：<pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">/debug/pprof/profiles:0    block4    goroutine2    heap0    mutex5    threadcreatefull goroutine stack dump</pre>这个路径下还有几个子页面：<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 16px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em;" class=" list-paddingleft-2"><li><code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 5px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">/debug/pprof/profile</code>：访问这个链接会自动进行 CPU profiling，持续 30s，并生成一个文件供下载。</li><li><code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 5px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">/debug/pprof/cmdline</code> 获取程序启动时的命令及参数。</li><li><code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 5px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">/debug/pprof/symbol</code> 根据传入的程序计数器（PC）的值，获取对应的函数的名称信息，调用了runtime包的FuncForPC获取对应的函数信息。可以传入多个PC值，以加号作为连接符号，比如访问：<a href="http://127.0.0.1:8080/debug/pprof/symbol?0x4e667d+0x6ec770" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 202, 187); text-decoration-line: none; background: transparent; transition: all 0.3s linear 0s; outline: none !important;">http://127.0.0.1:8080/debug/pprof/symbol?0x4e667d+0x6ec770</a>, 返回PC值与函数对应名称的信息。</li><li><code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 5px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">/debug/pprof/trace</code> 此接口用于获取程序执行中的事件跟踪信息，比如协程、系统调用、GC、堆大小改变等事件，大多数事件的跟踪精确度能达到纳秒级别，后端调用了runtime包的StartTrace，会进行一个STW的操作。获取数据的时长默认为1秒，可以通过seconds参数进行修改。先通过以下命令获取数据：wget <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8080/debug/pprof/trace?seconds=10" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 202, 187); text-decoration-line: none; background: transparent; transition: all 0.3s linear 0s; outline: none !important;">http://127.0.0.1:8080/debug/pprof/trace?seconds=10</a> -O tracefile然后执行go tool trace tacefile进行数据分析。</li><li><code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 5px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">/debug/pprof/block</code>：block Profiling 的路径。</li><li><code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 5px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">/debug/pprof/goroutines</code>：运行的 goroutines 列表，以及调用关系。</li><li><code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 5px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">/debug/pprof/heap</code>： Memory Profiling 的路径，访问这个链接会得到一个内存 Profiling 结果的文件。</li><li><code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 5px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">/debug/pprof/threadcreate</code>查看线程创建信息。</li></ul><h4 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-bottom: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.4; font-size: 1.25em; font-family: Raleway, 微軟正黑體, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5px; position: relative;"><a class="reference-link" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 202, 187); background: transparent; transition: all 0.3s linear 0s; outline: none !important;"></a>Go tool pprof 分析工具(图形工具graphviz为例)</h4>Go Tool PProf 工具可以对以上链接下载的 prof 文件进行更详细的分析，可以生成调用关系图和火焰图。centos 7.5 下安装graphviz<pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">yum install 'graphviz*'  --skip-broken</pre>—skip-broken可选：跳过错误依赖，不加这个参数会提示安装包依赖错误，因为这里并不需要其它的安装包，所以跳过即可。其他系统安装方式可参考：<a href="http://www.graphviz.org/download/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 202, 187); text-decoration-line: none; background: transparent; transition: all 0.3s linear 0s; outline: none !important;">官网</a><h4 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-bottom: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.4; font-size: 1.25em; font-family: Raleway, 微軟正黑體, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5px; position: relative;"><a class="reference-link" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 202, 187); background: transparent; transition: all 0.3s linear 0s; outline: none !important;"></a>Go tool pprof常用基本调试基本命令(默认30s采集时间，可通过—seconds)</h4>下面以cpu信息分析为例：通过执行<pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">go tool pprof --text http://127.0.0.1:8080/debug/pprof/profile</pre>生成profile压缩gz文件(一般在/root/pprof目录下的.gz)，选择文件进入交互，或执行一下命令（注意：执行的过程，访问一下<a href="http://localhost:8080/%EF%BC%8C%E8%BF%99%E6%A0%B7%E4%BC%9A%E5%BE%97%E5%88%B0%E7%9B%B8%E5%BA%94%E7%9A%84%E7%9B%91%E6%B5%8B%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%EF%BC%89" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 202, 187); text-decoration-line: none; background: transparent; transition: all 0.3s linear 0s; outline: none !important;">http://localhost:8080/，这样会得到相应的监测数据）</a><pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">go tool pprof http://localhost:8080/debug/pprof/profileFetching profile over HTTP from http://localhost:8080/debug/pprof/profileSaved profile in /root/pprof/pprof.main.samples.cpu.002.pb.gzFile: mainType: cpuTime: Dec 14, 2018 at 3:26pm (CST)Duration: 30s, Total samples = 60ms (  0.2%)Entering interactive mode (type "help" for commands, "o" for options)(pprof)</pre>输入top<pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">(pprof) topShowing nodes accounting for 60ms, 100% of 60ms total      flat  flat%   sum%        cum   cum%      60ms   100%   100%       60ms   100%  main.hellowold /home/go/src/example/main.go         0     0%   100%       60ms   100%  main.sayHelloHandler /home/go/src/example/main.go         0     0%   100%       60ms   100%  net/http.(*ServeMux).ServeHTTP /usr/lib/golang/src/net/http/server.go         0     0%   100%       60ms   100%  net/http.(*conn).serve /usr/lib/golang/src/net/http/server.go         0     0%   100%       60ms   100%  net/http.HandlerFunc.ServeHTTP /usr/lib/golang/src/net/http/server.go         0     0%   100%       60ms   100%  net/http.serverHandler.ServeHTTP /usr/lib/golang/src/net/http/server.go(pprof)</pre>可以看到 main.hellowold 是用cpu最多。输入 web #生成调用关系图<img src="https://www.maxiaoke.com/uploads/images/20231219/ccc573df4f6394fee008e185fef7e1af.png" alt=""/>如查看历史调试文件信息，通过指定的profile文件进入(pprof)即可:例如:go tool pprof /root/pprof/pprof.main.samples.cpu.001.pb.gz File: main Type: cpu Time: Dec 14, 2018 at 11:37am (CST) Duration: 29.99s, Total samples = 0 Entering interactive mode (type “help” for commands, “o” for options) (pprof)如果想查看pprof其他命令，可输入help。<h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-bottom: 1em; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.225; font-size: 1.75em; font-family: Raleway, 微軟正黑體, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5px; position: relative; padding-bottom: 0.5em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);"><a class="reference-link" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 202, 187); background: transparent; transition: all 0.3s linear 0s; outline: none !important;"></a>生成火焰图 （官方：<a href="https://github.com/uber/go-torch%EF%BC%89" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 202, 187); text-decoration-line: none; background: transparent; transition: all 0.3s linear 0s; outline: none !important;">https://github.com/uber/go-torch）</a></h2>从Go 1.11开始，火焰图形可视化<code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 5px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">go tool pprof</code>直接可用！<pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;"># This will listen on :8081 and open a browser.# Change :8081 to a port of your choice.$ go tool pprof -http=":8081" [binary] [profile]</pre>如果你不能使用Go 1.11，你可以获得最新的<code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(232, 62, 140); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 3px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 5px; background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">pprof</code>工具并使用它：<pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;"># Get the pprof tool directly$ go get -u github.com/google/pprof$ pprof -http=":8081" [binary] [profile]</pre>我的golang 版本 v 1.11,所以只执行以下命令：（注意：在执行以下命令过程，访问一下<a href="http://localhost:8080/%EF%BC%8C%E6%B6%88%E8%80%97%E4%BB%A5%E4%B8%8B%E6%80%A7%E8%83%BD%EF%BC%89" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 202, 187); text-decoration-line: none; background: transparent; transition: all 0.3s linear 0s; outline: none !important;">http://localhost:8080/，消耗以下性能）</a><pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">go tool pprof -http=":8081" http://localhost:8080/debug/pprof/profileFetching profile over HTTP from http://localhost:8080/debug/pprof/profileSaved profile in /root/pprof/pprof.main.samples.cpu.007.pb.gz</pre>过一会儿会产生个web窗口<img src="https://www.maxiaoke.com/uploads/images/20231219/ccefa2f92eb454206709ee9752ca1b4e.png" alt=""/>选择 VIEW->Flame Graph 得到火焰图形<img src="https://www.maxiaoke.com/uploads/images/20231219/9455da423a193850dc38c55ebdaf1a19.png" alt=""/>上

go语言学习之go处理文件详解

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<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">文件的读写是编程语言的常见操作之一，这里讲一些Goang 读取文件的相关操作。<h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-bottom: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.43; font-size: 1.5em; font-family: Raleway, 微軟正黑體, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5px; position: relative; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); text-wrap: wrap;"><a class="reference-link" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 202, 187); background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; transition: all 0.3s linear 0s; outline: none !important;"></a>读取文件</h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">读取文件有三种方式：<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 16px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;" class=" list-paddingleft-2"><li>将文件整个读入内存</li><li>按字节数读取</li><li>按行读取</li></ul><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">具体实现如下：<h6 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-bottom: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.4; font-size: 1em; font-family: Raleway, 微軟正黑體, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5px; position: relative; color: rgb(119, 119, 119); text-wrap: wrap;"><a class="reference-link" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 202, 187); background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; transition: all 0.3s linear 0s; outline: none !important;"></a>1、将文件整个读入内存</h6><pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">package mainimport (   "os"   "io/ioutil"   "fmt")func main() {   file, err := os.Open("D:/gopath/src/golang_development_notes/example/log.txt")   if err != nil {      panic(err)   }   defer file.Close()   content, err := ioutil.ReadAll(file)   fmt.Println(string(content))}</pre><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">或者<pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">package mainimport (   "os"   "io/ioutil"   "fmt")func main() {   filepath := "D:/gopath/src/golang_development_notes/example/log.txt"   content ,err :=ioutil.ReadFile(filepath)   if err !=nil {      panic(err)   }   fmt.Println(string(content))}</pre><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">将文件整个读入内存，效率比较高，占用内存也最高。<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">2、按字节读取文件<pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">package mainimport (   "bufio"   "fmt"   "io"   "io/ioutil"   "os")func main() {   filepath := "D:/gopath/src/golang_development_notes/example/log.txt"   fi, err := os.Open(filepath)   if err != nil {      panic(err)   }   defer fi.Close()   r := bufio.NewReader(fi)   chunks := make([]byte, 0)   buf := make([]byte, 1024) //一次读取多少个字节   for {      n, err := r.Read(buf)      if err != nil && err != io.EOF {         panic(err)      }      fmt.Println(string(buf[:n]))      break      if 0 == n {         break      }      chunks = append(chunks, buf[:n]...)   }   fmt.Println(string(chunks))}</pre><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">或<pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">package mainimport (   "fmt"   "io"   "os")func main() {   file := "D:/gopath/src/golang_development_notes/example/log.txt"   f, err := os.Open(file)   if err != nil {      panic(err)   }   defer f.Close()   chunks := make([]byte, 0)   buf := make([]byte, 1024)   for {      n, err := f.Read(buf)      if err != nil && err != io.EOF {         panic(err)      }      if 0 == n {         break      }      chunks = append(chunks, buf[:n]...)   }   fmt.Println(string(chunks))}</pre><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">3、按行读取<pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">package mainimport (   "bufio"   "fmt"   "io"   "io/ioutil"   "os"   "strings")func main() {   filepath := "D:/gopath/src/golang_development_notes/example/log.txt"   file, err := os.OpenFile(filepath, os.O_RDWR, 0666)   if err != nil {      fmt.Println("Open file error!", err)      return   }   defer file.Close()   stat, err := file.Stat()   if err != nil {      panic(err)   }   var size = stat.Size()   fmt.Println("file size=", size)   buf := bufio.NewReader(file)   for {      line, err := buf.ReadString('\n')      line = strings.TrimSpace(line)      fmt.Println(line)      if err != nil {         if err == io.EOF {            fmt.Println("File read ok!")            break         } else {            fmt.Println("Read file error!", err)            return         }      }   }}</pre><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-bottom: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.43; font-size: 1.5em; font-family: Raleway, 微軟正黑體, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5px; position: relative; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); text-wrap: wrap;"><a class="reference-link" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 202, 187); background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; transition: all 0.3s linear 0s; outline: none !important;"></a>写入文件</h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">有以下写入方式<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">1、ioutil.WriteFile<pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">package mainimport (   "io/ioutil")func main() {   content := []byte("测试1\n测试2\n")   err := ioutil.WriteFile("test.txt", content, 0644)   if err != nil {      panic(err)   }}</pre><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">这种方式每次都会覆盖 test.txt内容，如果test.txt文件不存在会创建。<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">2、os<pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">package mainimport (   "fmt"   "io"   "os")func checkFileIsExist(filename string) bool {   if _, err := os.Stat(filename); os.IsNotExist(err) {      return false   }   return true}func main() {   var wireteString = "测试1\n测试2\n"   var filename = "./test.txt"   var f *os.File   var err1 error   if checkFileIsExist(filename) { //如果文件存在      f, err1 = os.OpenFile(filename, os.O_APPEND, 0666) //打开文件      fmt.Println("文件存在")   } else {      f, err1 = os.Create(filename) //创建文件      fmt.Println("文件不存在")   }   defer f.Close()   n, err1 := io.WriteString(f, wireteString) //写入文件(字符串)   if err1 != nil {      panic(err1)   }   fmt.Printf("写入 %d 个字节n", n)}</pre><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">此种方法可以在文件内容末尾添加新内容。<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">3、<pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">package mainimport (   "fmt"   "os")func checkFileIsExist(filename string) bool {   if _, err := os.Stat(filename); os.IsNotExist(err) {      return false   }   return true}func main() {   var str = "测试1\n测试2\n"   var filename = "./test.txt"   var f *os.File   var err1 error   if checkFileIsExist(filename) { //如果文件存在      f, err1 = os.OpenFile(filename, os.O_APPEND, 0666) //打开文件      fmt.Println("文件存在")   } else {      f, err1 = os.Create(filename) //创建文件      fmt.Println("文件不存在")   }   defer f.Close()   n, err1 := f.Write([]byte(str)) //写入文件(字节数组)   fmt.Printf("写入 %d 个字节n", n)   n, err1 = f.WriteString(str) //写入文件(字符串)   if err1 != nil {      panic(err1)   }   fmt.Printf("写入 %d 个字节n", n)   f.Sync()}</pre><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">此种方法可以在文件内容末尾添加新内容。<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">4、bufio<pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">package mainimport (   "bufio"   "fmt"   "os")func checkFileIsExist(filename string) bool {   if _, err := os.Stat(filename); os.IsNotExist(err) {      return false   }   return true}func main() {   var str = "测试1\n测试2\n"   var filename = "./test.txt"   var f *os.File   var err1 error   if checkFileIsExist(filename) { //如果文件存在      f, err1 = os.OpenFile(filename, os.O_APPEND, 0666) //打开文件      fmt.Println("文件存在")   } else {      f, err1 = os.Create(filename) //创建文件      fmt.Println("文件不存在")   }   defer f.Close()   if err1 != nil {      panic(err1)   }   w := bufio.NewWriter(f) //创建新的 Writer 对象   n, _ := w.WriteString(str)   fmt.Printf("写入 %d 个字节n", n)   w.Flush()}</pre><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">此种方法可以在文件内容末尾添加新内容。<h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-bottom: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.43; font-size: 1.5em; font-family: Raleway, 微軟正黑體, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5px; position: relative; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); text-wrap: wrap;"><a class="reference-link" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 202, 187); background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; transition: all 0.3s linear 0s; outline: none !important;"></a>对比几种读取文件效率</h3><pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">package mainimport (   "bufio"   "fmt"   "io"   "io/ioutil"   "os"   "time")func read0(path string) string {   file, err := os.Open(path)   if err != nil {      panic(err)   }   defer file.Close()   content, err := ioutil.ReadAll(file)   return string(content)}func read1(path string) string {   content, err := ioutil.ReadFile(path)   if err != nil {      panic(err)   }   return string(content)}func read2(path string) string {   fi, err := os.Open(path)   if err != nil {      panic(err)   }   defer fi.Close()   r := bufio.NewReader(fi)   chunks := make([]byte, 0)   buf := make([]byte, 1024) //一次读取多少个字节   for {      n, err := r.Read(buf)      if err != nil && err != io.EOF {         panic(err)      }      if 0 == n {         break      }      chunks = append(chunks, buf[:n]...)   }   return string(chunks)}func read3(path string) string {   fi, err := os.Open(path)   if err != nil {      panic(err)   }   defer fi.Close()   chunks := make([]byte, 0)   buf := make([]byte, 1024)   for {      n, err := fi.Read(buf)      if err != nil && err != io.EOF {         panic(err)      }      if 0 == n {         break      }      chunks = append(chunks, buf[:n]...)   }   return string(chunks)}func main() {   file := "D:/gopath/src/example/example/log.txt"   start := time.Now()   read0(file)   t0 := time.Now()   fmt.Printf("Cost time %v\n", t0.Sub(start))   read1(file)   t1 := time.Now()   fmt.Printf("Cost time %v\n", t1.Sub(t0))   read2(file)   t2 := time.Now()   fmt.Printf("Cost time %v\n", t2.Sub(t1))   read3(file)   t3 := time.Now()   fmt.Printf("Cost time %v\n", t3.Sub(t2))}</pre><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">运行结果：<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">第一次<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">Cost time 6.0003ms Cost time 3.0002ms Cost time 7.0004ms Cost time 11.0006ms<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">第二次<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">Cost time 7.0004ms Cost time 4.0003ms Cost time 6.0003ms Cost time 8.0005ms<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">第三次<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 0px !important;">Cost time 9.0006ms Cost time 3.0001ms Cost time 7.0004ms Cost time 11.0007ms

go语言学习之go日志详解

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<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">golang 的log包使用起来挺简单，这里做一些简单介绍。<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">示例：<pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">package mainimport (   "log")func main() {   arr := []int{1, 2}   log.Print("Print array ", arr, "\n")   log.Println("Println array", arr)   log.Printf("Printf array with item [%d,%d]\n", arr[0], arr[1])}</pre><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">结果：<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">2018/12/14 18:42:02 Print array [1 2] 2018/12/14 18:42:02 Println array [1 2] 2018/12/14 18:42:02 Printf array with item [1,2]<h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-bottom: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.43; font-size: 1.5em; font-family: Raleway, 微軟正黑體, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5px; position: relative; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); text-wrap: wrap;"><a class="reference-link" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 202, 187); background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; transition: all 0.3s linear 0s; outline: none !important;"></a>log.Fatal 、log.Fatalln、log.Fatalf</h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">示例：<pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">    log.Fatal("Fatal array ", arr, "\n")    log.Fatalln("Fatalln array", arr)    log.Fatalf("Fatalf array with item [%d,%d]\n", arr[0], arr[1])</pre><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">对于 log.Fatal 接口，会先将日志内容打印到标准输出，接着调用系统的 os.exit(1) 接口退出程序并返回状态 1 。<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">在实际开发中要慎重，它导致整个系统退出，且不执行defer。<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">示例<pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">package mainimport (   "fmt"   "log"   "net/http")func sayHelloHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {   defer func() {      fmt.Println("--first--")   }()   log.Fatalln("test for defer Fatal")}func main() {   http.HandleFunc("/", sayHelloHandler) //   设置访问路由   log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil))}</pre><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">当访问 <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8080/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 202, 187); text-decoration-line: none; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; transition: all 0.3s linear 0s; outline: none !important;">http://127.0.0.1:8080/</a> 后，http 服务停止了，且defer没有调用。<h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-bottom: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.43; font-size: 1.5em; font-family: Raleway, 微軟正黑體, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5px; position: relative; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); text-wrap: wrap;"><a class="reference-link" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 202, 187); background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; transition: all 0.3s linear 0s; outline: none !important;"></a>log.SetOutput</h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">将日志写到指定文件中<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">示例<pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">package mainimport (   "log"   "os")func main() {   // 按照所需读写权限创建文件   f, err := os.OpenFile("filename.log", os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREATE|os.O_APPEND, 0644)   if err != nil {      log.Fatal(err)   }   // 完成后延迟关闭   defer f.Close()   //设置日志输出到 f   log.SetOutput(f)   //写入日志内容   log.Println("check to make sure it works")}</pre><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">查看生成日志文件filename.log 内容<pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">2018/12/14 18:56:55 check to make sure it works</pre><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-bottom: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.43; font-size: 1.5em; font-family: Raleway, 微軟正黑體, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5px; position: relative; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); text-wrap: wrap;"><a class="reference-link" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 202, 187); background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; transition: all 0.3s linear 0s; outline: none !important;"></a>log.Logger、log.New</h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">先自定义Logger类型， log.Logger提供了一个New方法用来创建对象：<pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">func New(out io.Writer, prefix string, flag int) *Logger</pre><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">该函数一共有三个参数：<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">（1）输出位置out，是一个io.Writer对象，该对象可以是一个文件也可以是实现了该接口的对象。通常我们可以用这个来指定日志输出到哪个文件。 （2）prefix 我们在前面已经看到，就是在日志内容前面的东西。我们可以将其置为 “[Info]” 、 “[Warning]”等来帮助区分日志级别。 （3） flags 是一个选项，显示日志开头的东西，可选的值有：<pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">Ldate         = 1 << iota     // 形如 2009/01/23 的日期Ltime                         // 形如 01:23:23   的时间Lmicroseconds                 // 形如 01:23:23.123123   的时间Llongfile                     // 全路径文件名和行号: /a/b/c/d.go:23 Lshortfile                    // 文件名和行号: d.go:23LstdFlags     = Ldate | Ltime // 日期和时间</pre><pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">package mainimport (   "io"   "io/ioutil"   "log"   "os")var (   Trace   *log.Logger // 记录所有日志   Info    *log.Logger // 重要的信息   Warning *log.Logger // 需要注意的信息   Error   *log.Logger // 致命错误)func init() {   file, err := os.OpenFile("filename.log", os.O_CREATE|os.O_WRONLY|os.O_APPEND, 0666)   if err != nil {      log.Fatalln(err)   }   Trace = log.New(ioutil.Discard, "TRACE: ", log.Ltime|log.Lshortfile)   Info = log.New(os.Stdout, "Info: ", log.Ltime|log.Lshortfile)   Warning = log.New(os.Stdout, "Warning: ", log.Ltime|log.Lshortfile)   Error = log.New(io.MultiWriter(file, os.Stderr), "Error", log.Ltime|log.Lshortfile)}func main() {   Trace.Println("trace")   Info.Println("info")   Warning.Println("warning")   Error.Println("Error")}</pre><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">细心的朋友可能发现执行多次程序输出日志的顺序会有变化，这个主要是 os.Stderr和os.Stdout输出的不同引起的，这两个虽然都是输出到终端，但在默认情况下，stdout是行缓冲的，它的输出会放在一个buffer里面，只有到换行的时候，才会输出到屏幕。而stderr是无缓冲的，会直接输出的。参考：<a href="http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_912673ce01013qq9.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 202, 187); text-decoration-line: none; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; transition: all 0.3s linear 0s; outline: none !important;">http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_912673ce01013qq9.html</a><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-bottom: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.43; font-size: 1.5em; font-family: Raleway, 微軟正黑體, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5px; position: relative; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); text-wrap: wrap;"><a class="reference-link" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 202, 187); background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; transition: all 0.3s linear 0s; outline: none !important;"></a>日志库<a href="https://github.com/Sirupsen/logrus" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 202, 187); text-decoration-line: none; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; transition: all 0.3s linear 0s; outline: none !important;">logrus</a></h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">logrus是在Github中star最多的go日志库，功能强大，性能不错。<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">安装：<pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">go get -u github.com/sirupsen/logrus</pre><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">实例<pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: "YaHei Consolas Hybrid", Consolas, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, monospace, monospace; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; color: rgb(47, 111, 159); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;">package mainimport (   "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"   "os")// Create a new instance of the logger. You can have any number of instances.var log = logrus.New()func main() {   // The API for setting attributes is a little different than the package level   // exported logger. See Godoc.   log.Out = os.Stdout   //You could set this to any `io.Writer` such as a file   file, err := os.OpenFile("logrus.log", os.O_CREATE|os.O_WRONLY, 0666)   if err == nil {      log.Out = file   } else {      log.Info("Failed to log to file, using default stderr")   }   log.WithFields(logrus.Fields{      "animal": "walrus",      "size":   10,   }).Info("A group of walrus emerges from the ocean")}</pre><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;">如果你对别的Go日志库感兴趣可以参考：<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; color: rgb(77, 82, 89); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, "Meiryo UI", "Malgun Gothic", "Segoe UI", "Trebuchet MS", Monaco, monospace, Tahoma, STXihei, 华文细黑, STHeiti, "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans", "wenquanyi micro hei", FreeSans, Arimo, Arial, SimSun, 宋体, Heiti, 黑体, sans-serif; text-wrap: wrap;" class=" list-paddingleft-2"><li><a href="https://www.ctolib.com/topics-123640.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 202, 187); text-decoration-line: none; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; transition: all 0.3s linear 0s; outline: none !important;">https://www.ctolib.com/topics-123640.html</a></li><li><a href="https://github.com/search?l=Go&o=desc&q=log&s=stars&type=Repositories" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 202, 187); text-decoration-line: none; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; transition: all 0.3s linear 0s; outline: none !important;">https://github.com/search?l=Go&o=desc&q=log&s=stars&type=Repositories</a></li></ul>

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